Dolphin-Safe Tuna Essays - Tuna, Sport Fish, Dolphin Safe Label

Dolphin-Safe Tuna? Tuna fishermen off the Pacific coast have been using dolphins in order to catch tuna. What occurs is fishermen set nets on specific dolphins, attempting to catch yellowfin tuna, which is found living in the same area as the dolphins. After trapping the dolphins, the fishermen simply pull them up onto the boat with the tuna and let them die. This procedure has killed nearly seven million dolphins since the 1950s. The extremely high death rate of dolphins caused the United States' Congress to amend the Marine Mammal Protection Act during the 1980s in order to suggest different ways of catching tuna. In 1990, the famous ?dolphin-safe tuna? labeling was created. Throughout the early 1990s America adopted new dolphin protection plans which made necessary that all tuna being imported here must follow the same guidelines as the United States in order to put an end to the harassment of dolphins. As these new laws were helping the dolphin population tremendously, the tuna-fishing businesses from other countries were losing buyers. In 1990, Mexico was embargoes from tuna shipment due to their ways in catching tuna. The soon-to-be World Trade Organization (WTO) demanded that the embargo be stopped, because according to the law, a country may not embargo a supply unless the supply itself is dangerous. In other words, if the tuna was dangerous they could embargo it, but if its catching were killing millions of dolphins, an embargo could not be made. Mexico and other Latin countries demanded that the Marine Mammal Protection Act be lightened so that these countries could sell their tuna under the label of ?dolphin safe.? After threats from the WTO, President Clinton's' administrators met with officers from Mexico in order to discuss the problem. A deal was made, called the Panama Declaration, which would put a limit on the number of dolphins a boat could catch, and lower the definition of ?dolphin-safe? in order to allow the harming and catching of dolphins. Congress has been attempting to pass this Act, which has been called the ?Dolphin Death Act? from observers. The Act would also claim that the tuna could be dolphin safe even if it did encircle dolphins just as long as observers from the boat claim that no dolphins were harmed or killed. The Act has been passed by the House or Representatives, but it was stopped before getting to the Senate. Even though the act has not made too much progress so far, it is believed that it will be passed in the near future. I believe this new Act trying to be passed is absolutely ridiculous. Not only does it supply enormous loop holes, but it is disrespectful to the dolphins. how can these fishermen live with themselves after watching the poor dolphins get caught and killed? Let's analyze the saying ?dolphin-safe.? The first part is dolphin, the species which has been protected for nearly ten years. The last part is safe, meaning secure, out of danger, above water, if you will. How can you say that the netting and capturing of the dolphins can qualify under the saying dolphin safe? There is a simple solution to saving the dolphins; keep the previous amendment by the MMPA. Studies show that even after the trapping was stopped dolphin populations were only slowly regaining strength. If we stop the protection of them now, we could be looking at the annihilation of many dolphin species. after that, how would the fishermen find their tuna? Their solution is not the most intelligent. If you are going to trap the dolphins, at least make sure they are safely returned. We cannot be lazy and careless with living creatures. It is cruel and unusual punishment, and I for one will not stand for it. What I can do personally to help is write to the Presidential candidates and complain about what the Clinton administration has done. As hopeless as it may seem, if enough people voice their opinion, change can be made. Something else I can do personally is make sure that my family purchases brands of tuna from Bumblebee, StarKist, and Chicken of the Sea because these large companies have promised to stay true to the accurate definition of ?dolphin safe.? Also there are web sites you can go to that have petitions for dolphin safety such at http://www.savedolphins.org. There you can send an email to President Clinton to inform him of your opinion. This inhumane treatment of dolphins must be stopped. We can either save them or destroy them, and

Essay on Sustainable Development for Public Administration

Essay on Sustainable Development for Public Administration Essay on Sustainable Development for Public Administration Essay on Sustainable Development for Public AdministrationThe book Sustainable Development for Public Administration written by Deniz Zeynep Leuenberger and John R. Bartle deserves special attention of everyone who wants to learn more about the relationship between sustainability and public administration. The concepts of sustainability and sustainable development play a crucial role in the overall understanding of the significance of public administration. Actually, public administration is focused on the management of human impact on the environment and preservation of the welfare of all citizens. The authors of the book place emphasis not only on sustainability and sustainable planning, but also on the economics of sustainable development and the environment,   risk management practices of the government, and environmental issues, such as drinking water supply, food security and safety, waste removal issues, transportation challenges, etc. Moreover, the authors are qualified to write on this topic. Dr. Deniz Zeynep Leuenberger has enough knowledge and experience to explore sustainable development as she is an Associate Professor in Public Administration/Political Science at Bridgewater State University. Besides, she is involved in coordination practices, working in the Center for Sustainability. John R. Bartle is her colleague. The authors of the book explore an important topic because sustainable development should be supported by a wide range of factors, including various technologies in such areas as education, information, communication, energy, agriculture, industry, etc. Access to these technologies guarantees successful development of human society.The explanation of the authors’ major thesis  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The authors’ major thesis is that environmental sustainability is considered to be the key function of public administration as it provides all citizens an opportunity to enjoy resources and welfare, hav ing a strong impact on the success and preservation of organizations, the effectiveness of organizational plans and the nation’s economic prosperity. The authors of the book explore a wide range of important sustainability issues that are â€Å"rooted in the management of natural resources and capital† (Leuenberger Bartle, 2009, p. 4). Actually, sustainable development provides an effective plan of actions aimed at integration of environmental sustainability into practice. As environmental resources stand for the so-called â€Å"natural capital†, public administration should consider the role of various organizational plans, decisions and actions that have direct relation to biological systems, including environmental protection, transportation and other issues.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The authors identify three major goals of sustainable development: biological system goals, economic system goals and social system goals. Sustainable develop ment ensures that the system is effective and does not cause damage to other systems, maintaining the established living standards and life-supporting components. Sustainable development is based on meeting the needs of today’s generations, as well as providing the ability to meet the needs of future generations.The analysis and assessment of the author’s supporting arguments  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The authors of the book use reliable supporting arguments that contribute to the overall understanding of the key message. Deniz Zeynep Leuenberger and John R. Bartle use documentation on environmental sustainability, conference on public administration notes, peer-reviewed articles, professional publications, statistical data, the U.S. laws, rules and regulations. The authors provide valid sources and documentary materials that help to support the key arguments.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The authors’ supportive arguments involve the discussion of the key issues on the economics of sustainable development, cost-benefit analysis, measurement of inputs, outputs and outcomes of sustainable development, etc. Deniz Zeynep Leuenberger and John R. Bartle discuss the role of sustainable development as a local issue and as a global issue, placing emphasis on the individual decisions at both local and global levels. For example, the authors refer to sustainable transportation policy that can help to enhance long-term growth and the quality of life. According to Deniz Zeynep Leuenberger and John R. Bartle (2009), sustainable transportation should be aimed at elimination of â€Å"wasteful and destructive incentives† (p. 88).Assessment of the validity of the author’s argument  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The book Sustainable Development for Public Administration written by Leuenberger and Bartle is worth reading and analyzing. The authors’ argument is valid. The validity of the argume nt can be determined by the validity of the author’s conclusion. The authors claim that sustainable development in the field of public administration depends on the effectiveness of application of sustainability to community planning, community growth and other structures. They highlight the importance of the key sustainability-related concepts of public administration, including community members’ participation, equity and preservation of natural capital.The book contributes to the literature on sustainable development, providing much important information on the required topic. The authors are interested in analysis of the balancing between biological, economic and social needs of community members. In other words, the book Sustainable Development for Public Administration reinforces other literature in this area, providing more comprehensive approach to the study of sustainability in public administration.Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that the book Sustainable Development for Public Administration written by Deniz Z. Leuenberger and John Bartle is worth reading because the authors refer to an important issue in the field of public administration. Sustainability and sustainable development discussed in the book are two important concepts that can be applied to the field of public administration. The authors’ argument is valid. The reader has an opportunity to assess the authors’ argument that sustainable development provides support to equal access and comprehensive approach to the natural capital, highlighting the necessity to manage natural resources in the way that will promote the preservation of these resources for future generations.

Civic learning summary of rehab facility visitation Essay

Civic learning summary of rehab facility visitation - Essay Example Denial is part of the addiction; justification, blaming, and rationalization are all characteristics of denial. Communication between the counselor and the client facilitates the rate of recovery. The concept of using communication in promoting civic democracy is necessary. In a drug rehabilitation facility, counselling starts by building a client-counselor relationship based on the effectiveness of their communication. In our civic responsibilities, effective communication facilitates dialogue with peers and community members. Most drug addicts attribute their addiction to stress resulting from a difficult life or a stressful activity, program or parents. During counselling sessions, the addict is required to discuss each of these areas with the counselor or in a group talk. This approach seeks to bring an understanding of the concept of symbolism where certain signs call for attention to significances. The counsellor outlines the significance of symbols and how they relate to what has been perceived as they point to indicate, or denote something other than themselves. The lesson here is attaching emotional or physical symbols in performing our civic duties could lead to a crowded judgment. The concept of leadership and implementation gets outlined in the counselling sessions between the addicts and the counselors. The counselor should be able to adapt accordingly based on immediate client needs and capacities. The client needs to seem to be in control while the counselor should always maintain control. A counselor determines the appropriate time to probe and when to let the client take charge. These concepts are important in the delivery of our civic duties. Students realize the importance of understanding the community and what is necessary and

To be effective, leadership and management development must be aligned Essay - 1

To be effective, leadership and management development must be aligned to organisational strategy - Essay Example Those that fail to adapt to the rapidly changing external environment must risk becoming obsolete and losing crucial market share. Learning and management development assures successful accomplishment of organizational goals. This essay aims at discussing the key definitions, objectives and purpose, the effectiveness of LMD, the relationship between talent management and management development cycle and the impact of training and development to improve LMD among others. The key aim of this report is to critically evaluate the concept of leadership and management development (LMD) and the relevance and impact of aligning LMD with organizational strategy to improve its effectiveness. It also seeks to answer the quote through an in-depth discussion on the topic. The concept of LMD entails various programs that help the managers to attain the type of leadership as well as managerial qualities required to achieve organizational goals. LMD is an inevitable and crucial aspect of talent management along with career planning and career management activities since it combines a range of learning activities including "planned experience, self-directed learning, coaching, mentoring, action-learning, outdoor learning, and formal education and training programs based on an analysis of learning needs" (Armstrong & Taylor, 2014: p. 322). Burgoyne (2010) defines leadership development as "the acquisition, development and utilization of leadership capability or the potential for it" (p.43). Leadership development includes planned or emergent learning. Planned development refers to an "intervention with the specific aim of enhancing learning by participants" while emergent learning on the other hand entails learning that "occurs through activities that not been undertaken with leadership development in mind" but instead are created through experiences that enable and enhances learning development in the managers. This includes on-the-job learning where the managers /employees

Zara stays in Europe while other brands outsource to offshore Essay

Zara stays in Europe while other brands outsource to offshore manufacturers - Essay Example Supply change management (SCM) in simple words can be defined as the process of transformation of goods from the raw materials state to the final product and finally handing it over to the end customer. Different companies have different SCM strategies which vary depending upon the short and long term objectives and goals the company wants to achieve.Also factors effecting SCM strategy depends upon the structure of the company i.e. either it’s a manufacturing company , a distribution company, a retailing company or a mixture of these companies. Zara is one of the five apparel retailing chains owned by Inditex group. Although Inditex manages designing, manufacturing and retailing of its goods but it enjoys major presence globally in the market through its chain of retail stores. The key to Zara’s success was the implementation of a unique SCM strategy. While other retailers in the business were focusing on completely outsourcing there manufacturing to offshore; mostly co untries like China, India, Bangladesh etc. saving costs by utilizing cheap labor, Inditex decided to digress from this convention being followed and managed to succeed in its approach. MAKE-BUY DECISIONÂ  : With all the firms entangled between the decision of manufacturing the products in-house or outsource it to off-shore suppliers majorly because of cost saving which involves availability of labor at much cheaper cost i.e. margins 18 to 20 times less for hiring of what you get locally in Europe or America or more expertise available across borders and other reasons. Similarly these factors have influenced the decisions in the Apparel industry aswell with the entire thought process working behind the reason that cost saving in the manufacturing will yield much more profit in comparison to opting to an in-house or nearer manufacturing options. The giants of the fashion apparel industry like GAP, H&M and many other smaller brands choose to outsource their manufacturing completely of fshore. Although one benefit they yielded through this that their manufacturing process saved heavily by employing cheap labor but on the other hand they became open to many risk factors including Global trade policies. International treaties. The social responsibility of providing employment to local labor. The harmful manufacturing process to the environments as a result of mass production which recently gained awareness of population and started to effect the sales and the image of companies and brands. Longer lead times i.e. the replenishment time for the inventory were quite high and could affect sales quite heavily in case the company and stores fell victim to inventory stock-outs. Unexpected weather risking the timely delivery of product. While on the other hand Inditex choose to be different from the trend of outsourcing manufacturing offshore and made the most of this opportunity. Zara being an emergence of Spain opted to the unique strategy of opening manufacturing plants near to where the retail stores were located. Apart from that Zara dost not entirely own the manufacturing process but in Spain and Portugal it own a series of workshops which are bonded in contract with the firm. In doing so Zara was affording labor cost 18 to 20 times higher than its major competitors but still managed to yield profits on the same scale and competitive advantage on the competitors by Quicker replenishments. Continuous and innovative designs. The Entire process of SCM was interlinked. Environmental friendly projects. Proving itself more socially responsible by hiring local employees. While all the major competitors of Inditex specifically to ZARA like The American GAP and the Swedish H&M SOURCING STRATEGIES AND SUPPLY CHAIN CONFIGURATIONS The sourcing strategies in the apparel industry were majorly divided between two major chunks. One was relying on cheaper product sourcing by outsourcing offshore which lead to few designs being in limelight for longer periods thr oughout the seasons. The other chunk selected to keep

Categorical imperative described by Immanuel Kant

Categorical imperative described by Immanuel Kant The Categorical Imperative which was initially described by Immanuel Kant is the theory that a person is to act only on the maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law (ONeill, 1993, p.177). He believed that individuals are able to behave in a moral way due to their ability to think rationally and freely when making choices. He felt that a persons moral duties are categorical imperatives, in that our morals tell us how we ought to act. He stressed that these moral duties command us to take certain actions thus giving us the word imperative (Smith, 2010). Kant also felt that these moral responsibilities are relevant to individuals because of their rationality and because individuals have the ability to make their own decisions apart from others influence. The role of his categorical imperative within Kants ethics will be discussed in this essay as well as the limitations to his theory, leading to the conclusion that the categorical imperati ve may be a guiding ideal, but cannot be universally and fairly applied in the real world. Kants ethics seem grounded in the basis of the idea that we each have rights to freedom, autonomy and democracy. Because these rights are ours, we therefore have the ability to make free, rational and moral choice. We can determine our duty through our ability to reason. Kant contends that the categorical imperative begins with the premise that human beings have a free will and that ability to reason (ONeill, 1993, p.175). Kants explanations make sense because he argued that in order to act morally, it was necessary for one to first be free to have the choice of being moral or immoral (Smith, 2010). He also felt that as rational beings, individuals are compelled through their rationality to follow norms and requirements in society, thus our reasoned morality follows a set of internal laws which will then govern our actions. In Kants view, morality is characterized by the ability to universalize (ONeill, 1993, p.177). If a choice or action cannot be universalized across all agents, then it is irrational, unreasonable and therefore immoral. These choices or decisions can be called maxims, so a universalizable maxim is a moral maxim (ONeill, 1993, p.177). In contrast, subjective maxims are those which are not binding or applicable to all people and which cannot guide the actions of the moral, rational individual. So with the cornerstones of rationality and universalizability at the base of Kants categorical imperative, we add his views on duty and good will. To Kant, morality is based on the intent not on the action or outcomes of those actions. Acting with good will is acting with duty to others, through of course the reasoned conclusion that this duty is moral. According to Kant, this was the foundation of overall good. He highlighted the fact that â€Å"one cannot use action to judge whether a being was good or bad because sometimes some good actions may be an avenue for committing evil acts† (Smith, 2010). For example, to donate your money or possessions to others could be considered a good or worthy deed. However, if that donation is actually done to gain a heightened profile in the community or to hide resources from the government, then this will undermine the seemingly good act. Whether or not the action is good comes down to the intent of the individual, not the outcome. The connection can therefore be made that Kant characterized inherent good as good will, meaning that if one has pure intentions at the commencement of a n activity, then no matter the result of that activity, the individual would be considered to be good and duteous, as they have removed â€Å"empirical ego† from the decision (Schroeder, 2005, p.19). The categorical imperative therefore gives us the ability to decide if an action is a moral or immoral one, in that it tells us to make our decisions not on our desires or expected outcomes, which would be hypothetical, but by making a decision which is the right, moral or categorical imperative (Smith, 2010). This is not a simple answer, as the categorical imperative is a way of leading us to decision making which is considered and which demands we assess our motivations for those decisions. To apply Kants categorical imperative in a practical way, he offers four formulations to aid in its understanding. The first is the formula of universal law which states â€Å"act only in accordance with that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it become a universal law† (Kant, 1998, p.31). As stated earlier in this essay, this formulation relates to the universability principle. The second is the formula of the law of nature and asks us to â€Å"act as if the maxim of your action were to become through your will a universal law of nature† (Kant, 1998, p.31). This formulation relates to the parallels between the laws of nature and moral law. The third formulation of his imperative is of humanity and asks that you â€Å"act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of another, always at the same time as an end and never simply as a means† (Kant, 1998, p.37). This describes his respect for others and our n eed in moral action to act well towards others in a universal manner. His fourth and final formulation for the categorical imperative is that of autonomy. It states that our actions are to be guided by â€Å"the idea of the will of every rational being as a will giving universal law† (Kant, 1998, p. 39). This principle of autonomy includes the concept of free and rational choice, as well as the capacity to compare and evaluate differing options. Unless directed by good will, autonomy is an ideal which will not be achieved in Kants theory. There are limitations to the belief that moral requirements must be categorical. Kants own writing on the issue of lying shows a much debated weakness to his theory. In refuting a French philosopher who maintained that truth was only a duty if it did not injure others, Kant stressed that truth was a duty in and of itself. However great the disadvantage to self or others, Kant believed that the categorical imperative demanded truth in all human action that it in fact was a sacred decree of reason (Kant, 1994, p.281). The consequences of an action held little interest for Kant, as it was in the morality of the decision or action that he held forth. Yet the implications of such a rigid and insensitive view of the actuality of human existence make Kants theory of categorical imperative unrealistic (ONeill, 1993, p.182). When a person obeys the categorical imperative, they are working within an ideal which presents them with the choice to make independent, ethical decisions (Katchy, 2007). One can only have this choice if the idea of freedom of thought and action accompanies a lack of fear of â€Å"authoritarian repercussion for not conforming to the will of another† (Katchy, 2007). Kant believed that forefront on the minds and consciousness of people, should be their own self-interest, and that republics should be established, where law would be adopted by the citizenry over violence. This would support his belief that due to the categorical imperative to act morally, these republics would lead to the possibility of peaceful existence (Schroeder, 2005, p.20). Whilst it may seem logical to some that all individuals are rational and level-headed because we as Kants individuals have the capability to use such rational and level-headed ideas to guide our actions, the truth is that reality has lit tle bearing on Kants ideals (Katchy, 2007). Kant presented sound theory which not only is used today by many, but was far-reaching for a theorist of the 1900s. His theories would by many be termed as simple common sense in todays world and the categorical imperative offers clear counsel for those who wish to place an underpinning theory to their day-to-day decision making. With an â€Å"absolute and detailed necessity of making sure that a person exercises their own will and does not conform to the ways of others† (Katchy, 2007), Kantian morality has an attitude that can be found in modern times. Individuals are able to rely upon logic to guide their actions in a rational way, but rationality is not due to logical behaviour. Kants theory is relatively simplistic, be your own person, act morally and do not simply act as others tell you to, but with your own thought and evaluation (Katchy, 2007). It is also quite clear in confirming the distinction between understanding the duty towards self and our responsibilities towar ds others. As a utilitarian however, the categorical imperative is not a sustainable view. As utilitarians, we must take into account the consequences of our actions and decisions and the impact of these actions or decisions on others. Kants murderer at the door is a prime example of how the outcome of lying is so much better than of telling the truth the correct response was to lie. But as an ideal to aspire to, the theory of the categorical imperative is a powerful one (Katchy, 2007) which transcends time or geography, upon which one can establish their own moral foundation in a world which can be confusing and contradictory.

The Force of Evil :: Essays Papers

The Force of Evil "And something had come to life†¦It was a kind of shadow, a poisonous blackness filled with bewildered loathing. †¦something hateful and unspeakable in the souls of men." An apparent introduction is made in the three works, The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell, The Child by Tiger by Thomas Wolfe, and The Destructors by Graham Greene; the unwelcome but necessary introduction to the sinful nature of mankind, to evil without limits, and without cause. When confronted with the presence of evil around them, the characters react in very different ways. A few triumph, one just stands in awe. In The Most Dangerous Game Mr. Rainsford, at first, tries to shrug off a fellow sailor's belief of a nearby 'dark' island by saying "Pure imagination . . . One superstitious sailor can taint the whole ship's company with his fear." The sailor replies with haunting faith, "Sometimes I think evil is a tangible thing - with wavelengths, just as sound and light have. An evil place can, so to speak, broadcast vibrations of evil." When Rainsford comes to believe the crucial meaning of his friends' words, it is too late; he is already in the midst of the very place that was spoken of. Appalled at first, by faced with no other choice than to confront the very source of evil, General Zaroff, face to face, Rainsford realizes the danger of his position and takes what he is dealt right in stride. He was now the wanted prey of the most dangerous of hunters. "He had not been entirely clear-headed when the chateau gates snapped shut behind him. His whole idea at first was to put distance between himself and General Zaroff. . . Now he had got a grip on himself, had stopped, and was taking stock of himself and the situation." Mr. Rainsford, an experienced hunter himself, had found himself in a position he probably had never imagined before. This kind of hunting was new to him, for this time the quest was for him and his pursuer was of the most wicked species; the devil, so to speak. "Is there anything a man don't stand to lose when the devil wants to take it all away?" To try an out run, out fox and altogether put an end to the 'devil' was the task, and Rainsford did it the only way he knew how; by being the poacher and the quarry, setting traps while taking flight, and leaving no traces behind to be followed.

Internation Recruitment and Selection Essay

The world has been rapidly transforming due to the changes in technology, innovations, and the reduction of trade barriers into and out of countries which have permitted globalization. Due to globalization human resource management has been forced to take a more international approach, and has demonstrated that a more effective management of human resources internationally is imperative for the success of companies in international business (Shen). Therefore international organizations need to understand the roll that plays the international human resource management (IHRM) department, and the importance of adopting an effective recruiting, selecting, and training strategies that will enable the company to select the right talent for the right places. IHRM plays a very important and challenging roll in the international setting of organizations because â€Å"they must develop practices which will maintain congruence with the overall strategic plan of their respective multinational c orporations, while balancing the economic, social, political, and legal constraints of the host countries† (Caligiuri). Companies understand that the only way to develop strong and successful global leaders, which are keys to competitive advantage, is through an IHRM department that has a well develop competitive strategy in place. Multinational Corporations (MNCs) like Unilever and Huawei Technologies Co., a Chinese networking and telecommunications supplier, have understood the importance of a well develop IHRM department and have implemented strategies that are aligned with a global approach that support the business operation worldwide (Gartsdie). Based on Heenan and Perlmutter model there are four competitive strategies as well as different training alternatives for global assignees that MNCs can use to develop a successful IHRM approach. The recruitment and selection (staffing) policies which MNCs implement for their foreign subsidiaries will vary greatly for every company, and should be determine accordingly with the IHRM approach the organization is pursuing (Ball). MNCs can be divided in four types based on their management approach and corporate philosophy. The first approach a MNC may consider is the ethnocentric approach which is â€Å"characterized by low pressures for cost reduction and low pressures for local responsiveness† (Ball). Ethnocentric MNCs are not willing to give up the control over foreign subsidiaries, and prefer to place expatriates employees belonging to the home country of the firm, in all key management positions abroad. IHRMs departments that adopt this approach believe that expatriates are more capable than employees of the host country, and they expect that their expatriate managers transfer headquarters’ culture and philosophy to the host nationals (Caligiuri). This approach is normally used by MNCs with primarily international strategic orientations in the early stages of globalization. The advantage of an ethnocentric approach is that it expands the experience of expatriates and prepares them for high level management positions who execute strategic decisions from headquarters. Many expatriates adapt, learn the language, and perform effectively within the host country (Ball). However data suggest that there is a high turnover rate among expatriates because many of them do not have the special set of skills, characteristics, and abilities (e.g. tolerance of ambiguity, adjust quickly, empathy, actively manage social contacts) that are required to be successful in such position (Caligiuri). Because of the previous statement it is imperative that MNCs understand that facilitating proper training and development to the expatriate is a very important part of the IHRM department because it has a major impact on the effectiveness of the expatriate manager and â€Å"research has shown that cross-cultural training is an effective intervention to prevent expatriate failures† (Deller). However MNCs today face a big problem because studies show that only fifty percent of all expatriates receive adequate training (Deller). Another very important aspect to the IHRM department needs to consider when selecting the right candidate under this approach is to keep in mind the impact in the family of the expatriate. The family’s willingness and ability to adjust is of crucial importance for the assignee’s employer and it needs to be address during the staffing process as well. Another disadvantage for this approach is that is more costly for the corporation because it has to offer more incentives to the expatriate (Deller). In the selection process it is the responsibility of the IHRM department to evaluate the efficiency and cross-cultural proficiency of the candidates to ensure the success of this approach. The polycentric staffing policy is a second approach that can be implemented by IHRM departments of MNCs. Under this approach the human resource department will look for host country nationals (HNC) to manage subsidiaries in their own country with some coordination form headquarters (Ball). With this approach IHRM departments do not need to worry about looking for certain skills or characteristics for an international setting because the candidates are employed at the subsidiary level and they do not have language and culture barriers, labor turnover reduces, productivity increase, there are ideal information of industry, legal and political configuration, and the first cost of employing them is less expensive. Also using this approach makes the subsidiary looks less foreign (Caligiuri). However the problem with hiring HCNs is that they are not familiar with the home country of the international company and with its corporate culture, policies, and practices (Ball). The underlying crisis in communication and control between the headquarters and the subsidiary due to language barriers, conflicting national loyalties and differences in personal values may create an inconsistency in the strategic management process that will result in the subsidiary operating as a separate unit. Home country national’s lack of exposure to international assignments and lack of career mobility among HCNs are also some disadvantages of this approach and ultimately will affect the competitive advantage of the MNC (Padala). According to the article of Jie Shein, â€Å"HCNs are included in management development schemes only at the subsidiary level and HCN managers are rarely promoted to senior management positions† (663). When staffing under this approach IHRM departments can choose from hiring HCNs in the home country or HCNs in the host country. Many MNCs have experienced difficulties in hiring high caliber of HCNs managers because of the lack of long-term IHRM planning and training and ineffective international management development (Shen). When the polycentric staffing approach is not adequate the regiocentric staffing approach might be a better option. The regiocentric staffing approach can be used for companies with a regional strategic approach. In this approach employees are selected for key positions within the region the subsidiary is operating, employing a variety of HCNs and third country nationals, TCNs (Ball). From this perspective the communication and integration systems must be highly sophisticated for headquarters to maintain control over the regions however the host national are given the opportunity to manage their own subsidiaries. The likelihood of HNCs career advancement is greater within the region, but still limited in headquarters (Caligiuri). The training and development for this approach are the same as with the polycentric staffing approach. One of the biggest advantages of this approach is that it serves as a bridge for MNCs to gradually move to a geocentric staffing approach. The geocentric staffing approach is used in companies with a transnational strategic orientation. This staffing approach seeks the best people for key jobs throughout the organization, regardless of nationality, selecting the best person for the job, irrespective of nationality is most consistent with the underlying philosophy of a global corporation (Padala). This approach is ideal because the human resource strategy will be the same across all subsidiaries, using the best practices from wherever they might be found across the MNC worldwide networking of operations (Ball). However one of the drawbacks of this approach is that it can be expensive to implement because of increased training, compensations packages, and relocations costs, and it could require longer lead time (Padala). IHRM staffing approaches are very important but training and development also play a very important role in the international setting. International training and development is one of IHRM’s most crucial activities. While it is true that MNCs recognize the significance of international training and development for their employees there is knowledge that this corporation’s training strategies are weak and not effective. Current researches show that today the majority of companies have ineffective training and management policies that have resulted in frequently employee failure (Shen). In order to succeed in the global arena MNCs need to implement an effective international training and development program for expatriates, HCNs, and TCNs. Globalization has definitely created a very competitive business market in which international human resource management plays a crucial role for the success on multinational corporations. It is imperative that corporation carefully analyze every staffing approach available and implement the one that will help them select the right candidates for the right position, and provide the candidates with the appropriate training and development in order to create a competitive advantage. Works Cited Ball, A. Don, et al. International Business: The Challenge of Global Competition. 13th. New York: McGraw-Hill. Print. Caligiuri, Paula M., Linda K. Stroh. Multinational corporation strategies and international human resources practices: bringing IHRM to the bottom line. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 6:3 September 1995. P.494-498. Deller, Juergen. International Human Resource Management And the Formation of Cross-Cultural Competence. Institute of Business Psychology, University of Lueneburg, Germany. International Management Review. Vol.2 No. 3. 2006. Gartside, David, Griccioli, Stefano, and Rustin Richburg. Different stokes: How to manage a global workforce. Issue No.2. 2011. Outlook. Accenture. . Padala, Shanmukha Rao Dr.; Dr. N.V.S. Suryanarayana. Approaches to International Human Resource Management. September 11, 2012. Articlebase.com. . Shen, Jie. International training and management development: theory and reality. Journal of Management Development. Vol 24 No. 7, 2005. November 2, 2012.

TIMEs Person of the Year Winners (1927-2017)

TIME's Person of the Year Winners (1927-2017) Since 1927, TIME Magazine has chosen a man, woman, or idea that for better or worse, has most influenced events in the preceding year. Although TIMEs list is not an academic or objective study of the past, the list gives a contemporary viewpoint of what was important during each year. In 2018, TIME issued four separate covers, memorializing journalists who lost their lives in 2018. They are Jamal Khashoggi, Washington Post columnist;  staff members of the Capital Gazette newspaper; Reuters journalists Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo; and Maria Ressa, journalist and founder of Rappler. TIMEs Person of the Year Winners 1927 Charles Augustus Lindbergh 1928 Walter P. Chrysler 1929 Owen D. Young 1930 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 1931 Pierre Laval 1932 Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1933 Hugh Samuel Johnson 1934 Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1935 Haile Selassie 1936 Mrs. Wallis Warfield Simpson 1937 Generalissimo Mme Chiang Kai-Shek 1938 Adolf Hitler 1939 Joseph Stalin 1940 Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill 1941 Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1942 Joseph Stalin 1943 George Catlett Marshall 1944 Dwight David Eisenhower 1945 Harry Truman 1946 James F. Byrnes 1947 George Catlett Marshall 1948 Harry Truman 1949 Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill 1950 American Fighting-Man 1951 Mohammed Mossadegh 1952 Elizabeth II 1953 Konrad Adenauer 1954 John Foster Dulles 1955 Harlow Herbert Curtice 1956 Hungarian Freedom Fighter 1957 Nikita Krushchev 1958 Charles De Gaulle 1959 Dwight David Eisenhower 1960 U.S. Scientists 1961 John Fitzgerald Kennedy 1962 Pope John XXIII 1963 Martin Luther King Jr. 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson 1965 General William Childs Westmoreland 1966 Twenty-Five and Under 1967 Lyndon B. Johnson 1968 Astronauts Anders, Borman and Lovell 1969 The Middle Americans 1970 Willy Brandt 1971 Richard Milhous Nixon 1972 Nixon and Kissinger 1973 John J. Sirica 1974 King Faisal 1975 American Women 1976 Jimmy Carter 1977 Anwar Sadat 1978 Teng Hsiao-Ping 1979 Ayatullah Khomeini 1980 Ronald Reagan 1981 Lech Walesa 1982 The Computer 1983 Ronald Reagan Yuri Andropov 1984 Peter Ueberroth 1985 Deng Xiaoping 1986 Corazon Aquino 1987 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev 1988 Endangered Earth 1989 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev 1990 The Two George Bushes 1991 Ted Turner 1992 Bill Clinton 1993 The Peacemakers 1994 Pope John Paul II 1995 Newt Gingrich 1996 Dr. David Ho 1997 Andy Grove 1998 Bill Clinton and Kenneth Starr 1999 Jeff Bezos 2000 George W. Bush 2001 Rudolph Giuliani 2002 The Whistleblowers 2003 The American Soldier 2004 George W. Bush 2005 Bill Gates, Melinda Gates, Bono 2006 You 2007 Vladimir Putin 2008 Barack Obama 2009 Ben Bernanke 2010 Mark Zuckerberg 2011 The Protester 2012 Barack Obama 2013 Pope Francis 2014 Ebola Fighters 2015 Angela Merkel 2016 Donald Trump 2017 The Silence Breakers 2018 The Guardians and the War on Truth Person of the Year Fast Facts Charles Lindbergh  (1927) was the first and youngest person to receive the distinction at 25 years old.Mrs. Wallis Warfield Simpson, the woman whom English  King Edward VIII abdicated  in order to marry, was the first woman to receive the honor (1936).Although a number of people have received the honor twice,  U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt  is the only person to have been named three times: 1932, 1934, and 1941.Adolf Hitler, the murderous leader of Nazi Germany, received the honor in 1938- before he started   World War II. Hitlers  TIME  cover, however, shows him with dead bodies hanging above him.Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, who was a U.S. ally during World War II, but who was ultimately responsible for the deaths of approximately 20 to 60 million of his own people, was awarded the honor twice.A whole generation was named in 1966: Twenty-five and Under.In 1982, the computer became the first object ever to receive the distinction.There are several years whe re large groups of people were nominated: the American Fighting-Man (1950), the Hungarian Freedom Fighter (1956), U.S. Scientists (1960), Twenty-Five and Under (1966), the Middle Americans (1968), and American Women (1975). The winner in 2006 was even more unusual. The winner was you. This choice was meant to draw attention to the impact of the world wide web, which had made each of our contributions both relevant and important.

Planting Trees on Bloor Avenue in Downtown Toronto

Planting Trees on Bloor Avenue in Downtown Toronto Summary The report is based on a case study on the tree planting project along the Bloor Avenue in Bloor-Yorkville. It covers the aspects of rezoning this area so as to ensure that it has residential areas as well instead of the usual office apartments and retail stores. This has necessitated the planting of trees in the area. The rezoning of the area is also meant to eliminate throughway passages across the residential areas.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Planting Trees on Bloor Avenue in Downtown Toronto specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The report analyses the zoning of the area and looks into the appropriate amendments made on the zoning bylaws. There has been need to amend the Toronto zoning by-laws so as to allow the restructuring of Bloor Avenue. This is supposed to affect the construction of new structures, readjusting the packing zone as well as ensure order in the development of the area. Background W ith the constructions of multipurpose storey buildings that have offices, commercial and residential units, there has been a move to amend the zoning laws so as to ensure that trees are planted on Bloor Avenue. Efforts have been made to allow for larger parking spaces meant to serve the office/commercial units as well as the residential units and increase the size of the pedestrians’ sidewalks. The Site and the Surroundings Bloor-Yorkville is between Church Street and Avenue Road. The area has been divided various section which include; institutional areas, open space areas, apartment neighborhoods and residential neighborhoods, like the Yorkville Triangle. To maintain the forest cover and keep a healthy ecosystem, especially at the residential areas, there has been a push to plant trees on Bloor Avenue. This has particularly been taken up by non-profit making organizations, individuals and the city council. Discussion Bloor Avenue Transformation Project Bloor-Yorkville is am ong the best shopping and entertainment districts in Canada. This was particularly one of the reasons for the Bloor Avenue transformation project. The project was aimed at ensuring that the center has beautiful plane trees in sustainable soil cell systems. This is meant to ensure optimal growth for the trees. The project was also aimed at ensuring wider pedestrian sub-ways and maintaining beautiful seasonal flowerbeds as well as attractive lighting for the trees.Advertising Looking for case study on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The transformation has made Bloor Avenue a preferred shopping center for the local and international tourists. This project might have taken more time but the efforts were worth. In the 1990’s, for instance, there was an advice from the City of Toronto concerning the overhaul of a water system that was serving Bloor-Yorkville’s Bloor Street from Church S treet to Avenue road. The corridor was then to be transformed with interesting upgrades. The transformation was done in phases and was completed in 2010. The upgrades made Bloor Avenue to be among the most preferred shopping streets in Canada and hence among the most expensive. Boor Street has some of the most expensive residential units and hotels. It also has one of the largest museums in Toronto, which is at the Bloor and Avenue Road intersection. The transformation project was started with the aim of ensuring wider sidewalks, mature trees, beautiful flower gardens, well lit streets and public artwork. Picturesque gardens and quiet residential units have characterized the suburbs in this area. Construction of Bloor Street implied the conversion of most residential units into commercial units and offices. There has been a significant rise in the prices of these units. Bloor-Yorkville BIA is a non profit making organization which aims at bringing more traffic and investment to the area. It is composed of 700 members and it organizes various events annually so as to ensure that its objectives are met. Due to this, Bloor-Yorkville has continued to blossom as a shopping center. The area has major name brand retailers like Prada and Gucci. The transformation project for Bloor Avenue had been planned for a long time and it commenced in 2008. It was aimed at ensuring that the street is at per with other renowned streets and avenues like Park Avenue in New York and Michigan Avenue in Chicago. The revitalization of the avenue continued at a slow pace due to a number of challenges that were encountered. For instance, there were logistical problems due to the poor infrastructure. At that time, Toronto was grappling with economic difficulties due to the economic recession that was being witnessed across the globe. The expenditure on this project, therefore, met with a lot of opposition from different groups.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Planting Trees on Bloor Avenue in Downtown Toronto specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the project continued to its completion. By then, trees were planted on the avenue and new flower gardens installed. This turned the old Bloor Avenue into a new beautiful and vibrant area. Upon the completion of this project, besides the announcement, the Bloor-Yorkville BIA organization had to change the perception among the people that the project was a waste of money. A red carpet event was therefore held and the area between the Church Street and Avenue Road was covered with a red carpet. The event was advertised in the media and on the internet and it was a great success. The prime goal of restoring Bloor Avenue to its beauty and glory had been achieved. The transformation of Bloor-Avenue has made Bloor-Yorkville to be among the most attractive areas to the local and international tourists and even those who search for residential units. Parks The area adjacent to the Bloor Avenue has several parks that portray the scenic beauty of the town. A good example is the Village of Yorkville Park. It is composed of unique gardens that were designed with the aim of bringing out the diversity of Bloor-Yorkville’s landscape and the wider Canadian region. The park has been well designed with attractive pine trees that grow outside circular benches. It also has well groomed crabapple trees and a waterfall. Its design has resulted in the park receiving recognition as being among the best parks in Toronto. Other parks included the Frank Strollery Parkette, which is an urban park, the Jesse Ketchum Park that has a playing ground and it is next to Jesse Ketchum School. There is also the Town Hall Square which is situated near the Toronto Public Library. It is an urban oasis that has benches and pathways between the well maintained hedges, trees and large pots. Tree Bylaws Even though most trees grow on private property, they are pe rceived as an important part of the urban forest. For this reason, it is upon the Urban Forest Service to nurture and protect them. They are protected by the urban municipal laws. In 2004, the city of Toronto municipality came up with a municipality code that regulates the damaging or removal of trees from private property.Advertising Looking for case study on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The code is aimed at protecting the urban forest hence ensuring a healthy ecosystem. To destroy or remove a tree on private property, a person is supposed to acquire a permit from the Urban Forest Service and he/she is expected to pay some application fee. To remove a dead, diseased or a hazardous tree, a permit is not required but a report from an arborist is to be sent to the Urban Forest Service. The zoning bylaws are aimed at ensuring that the area remains within a healthy and attractive environment. They also ensure that the multi-use areas for pedestrians are protected from encroachment and hence are open and easily accessibility. The bylaws were also enacted so as to protect residential areas from intensive commercial projects or developments. They help protect historical artifacts and buildings as well. They are also aimed at ensuring that any developments are in line with the required standards. Conclusion The Bloor-Yorkville is known to be a commercial as well as a residen tial town. It is among the well designed cities in Northern America. This has made it a tourist attraction site. The area has well kept parks that add to the scenic beauty of the town, with a good example being the Village of Yorkville Park. Planting trees along Bloor Avenue has been quite crucial in protecting the residential units. The area has some multipurpose storey buildings that have both the offices/commercial units and residential units especially on the upper floors. The planting of trees on Bloor Avenue has particularly been vital in protecting the pedestrian sidewalks hence ensuring that these sections are not encroached. The transformation project for Bloor Avenue was supposed to ensure that all the construction and development projects are done in accordance with the appropriate set standards. Azure Publishing. Planting Trees on Bloor Avenue in Downtown Toronto. Azure 2 March 2010: 154-156. Print. Hodge, Gerald. The Need for Community Planning. Planning Canadian Comm unities  (2007): 3-10. Print. Oberlander, Cornelia. Trees in the city. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 2011. Print. Reed, Frederick. Construction. A Journal for the Architectural, Engineering and  Contracting Interests of Canada (2009): 5-10. Print. Warkentin, John. Creating Memory: A Guide to Outdoor Public Sculpture in Toronto.  Toronto: Becker Associates, 2009. Print.

IT Security & Sarbanes-Oxley Act Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

IT Security & Sarbanes-Oxley Act - Term Paper Example Because of the original intention and the mandate of the Act, financial accuracy must be certified by the management concerned. Because of the provisions of the Same Act, the penalties for financial fraud have been made more severe. Similarly, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 strengthened the autonomy of external auditors who analyze and reexamine the accuracy of corporate statements of accounts and also bolstered the oversight function of the board of directors. Simon, Smalley, and Schultz (2009) divulge that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 comes against the backdrop of serious corporate and accounting scandals such as the Enron, Adelphia, Tyco International, WorldCom and Peregrine Systems Scandals. These scandals had cost investors billions of dollars, following the collapse of the affected companies share prices. These scandals, together with their serious effects weakened public confidence in Americas security markets. The Act comprises 11 sections which range from criminal penalties to additional corporate board responsibilities. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 demands that the Securities and Exchange Commission implements rulings on prerequisites to compliance with the law. One of the ways the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 effects and constraints IT security section 404 compliance is by emphasizing a comprehensive understanding of internal controls, as a set of an enterprise's internal procedures, providing reasonable assurances that the enterprise will meet its target in all the specified areas. This is the case since Section 404 Compliance extends emphasis on not just historical financial reporting, but on internal controls also. Together with the rules spelled out in the SEC, there is a requirement that public companies' management should assess and report periodically, on the effectiveness of internal controls on financial reporting.

Obtaining a future career as a Veterinary Technician can open so many Research Paper

Obtaining a future career as a Veterinary Technician can open so many opportunities - Research Paper Example Although many specialize in either small or big animal care, some can work in a mixed environment where they care for small pets and for bigger nondomestic animals (Deobrah, (n.d)). Although this work can be demanding both physically and emotionally, and although working with animals is sometimes dangerous, the future of the Veterinary Technician career is promising. People who love animals happen to derive a great deal of satisfaction from this job. Owing to the fact that the tendency to love and keep pets is generally increasing in the world, employment in Veterinary Technician career is expected to grow at a much higher rate than the average (NAVTA, 2002). With the increase in establishment of Zoos and Aquariums, job opportunities are expected to increase and the demand for Veterinary Technician is expected to rise. All this notwithstanding, engagement in Veterinary Technician career, is set to open so many opportunities in the future. With the growth in technology related to all facets of life, research work has become more and more relevant in the modern society. In the future, Veterinary Technician career is going to venture more and more into research work, working in research facilities, where the technicians prepare samples for laboratory tests, offers medications to animals and record histories of the animals, regarding their health, weight, diet, genealogy and clinical medication history (Veterinary Technician, 2006). Most significant is the role of the Veterinary Technician in contributing not only to animal heath but also to human health. Veterinary Technician works closely with other medical experts in the research fields, to come up with new inventions that can help improve not only the medical conditions of animals but even that of humans (Veterinary Technician, 2006). While working under laboratory test such as